Root canal treatment (Endodontics)

Also known as endodontic treatment, a root canal involves removing the infected pulp located inside the cavity of a damaged or dead tooth.

The dental pulp, which contains nerves and blood vessels, allows the tooth to develop. If bacteria enter the tooth due to deep cavities, cracks, or defective fillings, they can cause an infection and lead to the formation of an abscess. This may result in pain or inflammation (the infection can be detected through dental X-rays or by observing changes in the tooth). In such cases, the pulp must be removed—without treatment, an abscess can lead to serious oral health problems.

In the past, the only solution was tooth extraction. Fortunately, it is now possible to perform a root canal treatment to preserve the tooth. Keeping the natural tooth allows the surrounding teeth to maintain proper alignment—helping prevent future jaw problems—and avoids the need for a costly artificial replacement.

What Conditions May Require a Root Canal?

• Trauma, such as a blow that may or may not result in a fracture
• Pain caused by a deep cavity
• Periodontal disease
• Spontaneous pain or pain while chewing
• Sensitivity to hot and cold

What Are the Steps of a Root Canal Treatment?

• The dentist (or endodontist) first administers local anesthesia so the patient feels no pain during the procedure.
• A dental dam is placed around the tooth to isolate it and prevent saliva (and bacteria) from contaminating the area.
• A small opening is made in the tooth to access the canal and remove the damaged pulp.
• The canal is then cleaned and shaped before being filled with gutta-percha, a rubber-like material.
• The treatment concludes by sealing the tooth with a temporary filling (if additional procedures are required) or a permanent filling.
• In some cases—especially for back teeth—the dentist may recommend placing a crown to strengthen the treated tooth and restore its natural appearance.

Important Things to Know

• A root canal treatment may require one or two visits, depending on the extent of damage and the complexity of the tooth’s anatomy.
• In the days following the treatment, the tooth may be sensitive when chewing (typically for three to seven days). In this case, acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) or ibuprofen (e.g., Advil) can be taken.
• If you experience severe pain or swelling, contact your dentist immediately.
• With good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups, a treated tooth can last just as long as your other teeth.
• In most cases, a tooth that has undergone a root canal can be preserved; however, if all attempts fail, extraction may be the only remaining option.